Neurobiology of Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent disorder that is generally diagnosed on the foundation of developmentally-inappropriate as well as persistent levels of overactivity, inattention and impulsivity.

Unraveling ADHD: Understanding Its Genetic Basis and Persistent Symptoms

ADHD commonly involves persistent overactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that are developmentally inappropriate for the individual. The etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD remain incompletely understood. Evidence supports a genetic basis for ADHD. But it is quite likely that it involves more than one gene of small individual effect.

Additionally, differences in the dimensions of the caudate nucleus, frontal lobes, and cerebellar vermis have emerged. Neuropsychological testing has highlighted key differences between children with ADHD and those without the disorder.

These differences occur in two main domains: executive function and motivation. However, neither of the aforementioned factors are specific to ADHD.

Decoding ADHD Disorder: How Delayed Reinforcement Shapes Symptoms and Treatment

Recent advancements in the neurobiology of reinforcement have shifted psychologists’ focus toward understanding altered reinforcement mechanisms in ADHD. Research indicates that motivational differences in individuals with ADHD may arise from changes in how they respond to reinforcement. A key finding is that sensitivity to delays in reinforcement plays a significant role. Individuals with ADHD often exhibit heightened sensitivity to the delay between their actions and rewards, which may exacerbate symptoms and affect their behavior. This altered response to reinforcement can significantly impact symptom manifestation, suggesting that addressing these delays could be crucial in managing ADHD effectively. By exploring how reinforcement mechanisms differ in ADHD, researchers aim to gain deeper insights into the disorder’s underlying processes and improve treatment strategies. Understanding this aspect of ADHD can enhance our approach to both diagnosing and addressing the core features of the disorder.

Psychologists have reviewed neurobiological mechanisms putting particular focus on the neurotransmitter dopamine and the actions of dopamine at the cellular besides the systems level.

A detailed study showed that dopamine cell firing activity commonly associates with reinforcing events. This can be accounted for earlier time-points in the behavioural sequence as the reinforcement involved becomes quite predictable.